Vietnam

The Vietnamese          - emerged just before the Christian era

- conquered in II century by Chinese à fateful (brzemienny w skutki)      consequences:

-         political and cultural integration

-         language, art, architecture, music

·        939 – Vietnamese took advantage of chaotic conditions in China &

-         defeat them and set up an  independent state

·        agricultural state – cultivation of wet rice   ( feudal class division – peasants & landowners)

·        commerce and manufacturing thrived

è      centuries of prosperity(Ly dynasty);

è      had to oppose various invaders :  Mongols (Kublai Khan)

-         resisted with vigour

-         several bitter battles

-         defeated them and drove back across the border

¨     French discontent with dashed hopes for trade and missionary activities ànaval expedition (1858) à  French protectorate

- poor economic conditions, heavy taxes à