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JAN PAWEŁ II

JAN PAWEŁ II – PASTERZEM ŚWIATA

Główne akcenty roku jubileuszowego.

Religie świata.

strona: [1] | Wszystkich opracowań: 4

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INSERT INTO `wypracowania_dodaj` (`nazwa`, `url`, `opis`, `kategoria_dodaj`, `pokaz_dodaj`, `czas`) VALUES("Afghanistan", "afghanistan", "Afghanistan <h1 style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\">HISTORY:</h1> · formally established as a state after the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878-1880)· a buffer between British and Russian empire (prevented from numerous skirmishes)· imposition of an absulutist monarchy (due to B. efforts) <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings\">àin 1919 – declaration of independence· Cold War – a buffer between SU and the US sponsored Baghdad Pact· the SU – major air provider- sponsored recruitment and equipping of a 100,000-strong army¨ nonaligned Afghanistan had turned to the SU for military aid after the US had refused to consider such aid – and rather backed Pakistan¨ A. vs P. dispute over Pashtunistan - areas of Nortwest Pakistan inhabited by Pashtuns <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings\">à until mid-1970s, the US and SU competed for influence over a regime they both supported H finally – communist power was established in A. on 27th April 1978 through a bloody military coupH the new, wobbly (chwiej±cy siê) government enjoyed little popular support <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings\">àthe army began to disintegrate; some units mutinied <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings\">à chaotic civil war commenedH the Soviet Politburo moved to stabilize situationH the invasion was launched on Christmas Eve in 1979 – not main Muslim holiday, but time the West was not prepared to quickly reactH after swift action by airborne and Spetsnaz troops key sites in Kabul were seized <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings\">à installation of a puppet regime <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: Wingdings; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-hansi-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings\">à ground invasion of Soviet forceH expected to quickly quell the resistance (as in Hungary 56 and Chechoslovakia 68) but the war had onlu begunH in the result of stiff struggle and determined will of Afghans as well as well-thought-out guerrilla war – the campaign lasted till 1989 (1.3 million A. killed) è both superpowers expended far more resources in the A conflict than they had ever devoted to cooperation & development - the intervention cost the SU about us$ 5,000 million per year compared to the total of about us$ 2,500 million aid over the previous 25 years.è the US backed the mujahedin – obver 1,000 million per year – like Soviet expenditure, this amount was also about 50 times the average yearly expenditure by the US on aid to A. during 1955-1978 HUMANITARIAN CONSEQUENCES: v after the Soviet invasion, Afghanistan became the world’s leading producer of refugees and displaced personsv at the height of the warduring 1980s – 3.5 million lived in Pakistan and another 2 – in Iranv after withdrawal (Feb 1989) – refugees, mainly from rural areas beagn to returnv at present, authorities estimate that about 1 million Afghans remain in Pakistan and 1.5 million in Iranv in 90s hundreds of thousands fled to P., Russia, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan owing to economic scarcities (niedobór) and ethnic resentmentv trade is frequently blockaded or subjected to extortionated (wygórowany) taxes by local power holdersv transport hindered by devastated roadsv the new generation is growing with little education except in weaponry training <h2 style=\"MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt\">LANDMINE PROBLEM</h2> surveys – 13.6% of families involved in a mine accident- 20-25 people are injured or killed by mines daily in A. ( 8000 deaths per year)- the highest density of landime victims in the world- grazing land accounted for 75% of mined ares and agricultural land – 20%, the remainder included mainly – irrigation systems, roads and residential areas both sides laid mines during conflict by very rough estimates – 8 million anti-personnel and 2 million anti-tank mines in A. Russian mapped their mines (except those dropped from helicopters) – Afghans not the major casualties are civilians study conducted by ICRC – 85% of landmine victims had been engaged in non-military activities such as tending (dogl±danie) livestock, farming and travelling The question for humanity is how far a nation’s endurance will be pushed with regard to renowned human rights. - The UN’s political mission has a budget of only about us$ 1 million and is flouted (lekcewa¿ony) by neighbouring countries that continue to aid belligerents. Countries that paid thousands of millions for the war today can hardly find a million for reconstruction. <span style=\"FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: \"Times New Roman\"; mso-ansi-language: PL; mso-fareast-language: PL; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA\">If nothing happens Afghanistan will likely remain a source of drugs, guns, violence and a population dependent on humanitarian agencies for decades to come. ", 7, 2, "2006-12-26 13:57:19");